Fig. 1
From: Utilizing bioprinting to engineer spatially organized tissues from the bottom-up
Workflow of bottom-up tissue engineering. In bottom-up tissue engineering, biomaterials, cells and biomolecules (to support the survival of cells, direct the differentiation or other functions) (A) are the basic components to fabricate building blocks. The structure and size of building blocks depends on its application and fabrication method (B), while cell spheroids, organoids, cell fibers or microgels of specific shapes (C) are commonly used. Then the building blocks are assembled through self-assembly, manual assembly or bioprinting (D) to an organized artificial tissue (E)